Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020-2023.

This study focuses on progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by hplc and uplc (or uhplc) during 2020-2023.. The research employs high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to address analytical challenges in the environmental field. Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection... Research Background and Significance Phytocannabinoids are a diverse group of organic compounds predominantly found in Cannabis sativa L., known for their interaction with cannabinoid receptors and associated pharmacological effects. Their analysis has gained significant importance not only in pharmaceutical and forensic sciences but also in environmental studies, where understanding their occurrence, persistence, and transformation is critical. Between 2020 and 2023, advances in chromatographic technologies, particularly in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC or UPLC), have propelled the sensitivity, selectivity, and throughput of phytocannabinoid analysis. This progress addresses the analytical challenges posed by complex environmental matrices and trace-level quantification, ensuring reliable data for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. The reviewed research explores these advancements, emphasizing the development and validation of robust HPLC methodologies tailored to environmental applications. The study underscores the necessity of using