Novel ferrofluid based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for separation and analysis of trace estrogens in environmental water and urine samples.

This study focuses on novel ferrofluid based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for separation and analysis of trace estrogens in environmental water and urine samples.. The research employs high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to address analytical challenges in the environmental field. A novel ferrofluid prepared from a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) and Fe... Research Background and Significance The quantification and analysis of trace estrogens in environmental water and biological matrices like urine are essential for monitoring endocrine-disrupting compounds that pose significant ecological and human health risks. Traditional sample preparation and chromatographic methods often struggle with sensitivity and selectivity due to the low concentration and complex matrices involved. This study introduces a novel ferrofluid based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DES) as an innovative extraction and preconcentration medium. Hydrophobic DES are gaining attention for their tunable physicochemical properties, green chemistry profile, and compatibility with nonpolar analytes. Integrating these solvents into ferrofluids leverages magnetic separation capabilities, offering an efficient approach for isolating trace estrogens from complex environmental and biological samples before HPLC analysis. The significance of this work lies in its potential to improve analytical workflows by combining green solvent technology with magnetic separation, enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and operational simplicity in environmental and clinical monitoring. Experimental Design and Methodology The study employed a multi-faceted experimental design incorporating the synthesis of a novel ferrofluid composed of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and magnetic